GPT-4.1
GPT-4.1 is a large language model developed by OpenAI that builds upon the GPT-4 architecture to provide enhanced natural language processing capabilities. This multimodal AI system can process and generate human-like text responses across various tasks including creative writing, analysis, coding assistance, and complex reasoning while maintaining improved accuracy and coherence compared to earlier versions.
86%
14%
Democrats
Republicans
Queries
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Establishing an Office to Monitor and Combat Islamophobia within the Department of State demonstrates a commitment to protecting human rights and religious freedom globally. Islamophobia is a documented and growing problem that leads to discrimination, violence, and undermines U.S. diplomatic values. Creating this office would enhance America's ability to address and counter anti-Muslim bias, aligning with both ethical obligations and foreign policy interests.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The Respect for Marriage Act protects the rights of same-sex and interracial couples by ensuring their marriages are recognized federally and across state lines. This legislation promotes equality and reflects the diversity of American families while repealing discriminatory laws. It upholds core constitutional principles of liberty and equal protection under the law. Passing this bill strengthens civil rights and social stability by affirming inclusive legal recognition for all marriages.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Granting Temporary Protected Status (TPS) to Venezuelan nationals fleeing severe humanitarian and political crises aligns with American values of providing refuge to those in need. It ensures temporary safety from deportation and allows affected individuals to work legally, reducing their vulnerability and supporting community stability. This also enables the U.S. to respond in a humane and pragmatic way while Venezuela is in turmoil. The bill serves both humanitarian interests and the public good.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While protecting law enforcement officers is critical, this bill targets a specific group—noncitizens—for enhanced penalties, raising concerns of due process and equal protection under the law. Assaulting a police officer is already a serious crime punishable under existing statutes, regardless of immigration status. This bill could lead to overbroad detention and deportation, possibly impacting individuals who have not yet been convicted. Effective law enforcement and immigration policy should be fair, proportional, and not discriminate based on immigration status.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill would restrict private ownership and breeding of big cats, which helps protect public safety and promotes the welfare of these animals. It addresses a well-documented history of dangerous incidents involving privately owned big cats escaping or harming people and provides for stronger enforcement against illegal wildlife trafficking. Passing this bill supports public safety, conservation, and ethical treatment of wildlife.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Protecting America's innovation and economic security from potential threats posed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is an important national interest. Establishing a dedicated CCP Initiative program can help coordinate efforts to safeguard critical technologies and industries. This approach is prudent, provided it includes proper oversight and does not encourage unjustified restrictions on lawful cooperation and trade. On balance, the bill serves to enhance national security while supporting American innovation.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While supporting pregnant and parenting women is vital, this bill would prohibit the Department of Health and Human Services from withholding funding from pregnancy centers, including those that may provide misleading or incomplete information regarding reproductive health options. Public funds should only support centers that adhere to evidence-based medical standards and provide unbiased, comprehensive care. This prohibition could undermine oversight and accountability, potentially harming those seeking care.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Access to clear information about rights and available resources supports pregnant students in continuing their education without undue hardship. Requiring higher education institutions to disseminate this information promotes equality and ensures that all students are aware of their protections and options, thereby fostering a more inclusive educational environment.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Health care and social service workers experience disproportionately high rates of workplace violence, which affects their safety, job satisfaction, and the quality of care provided. This bill addresses a critical public health and workplace safety issue by requiring preventative measures, staff training, and protections for reporting incidents. It promotes safer environments and reduces turnover, benefiting both workers and the patients and communities they serve.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Rescinding protections and reinstating mineral leases in the Superior National Forest could jeopardize crucial ecosystems, clean water, and indigenous rights for the benefit of short-term mining interests. The long-term environmental and public health risks outweigh potential economic gains. Sustainable management of public lands is in the best interest of current and future generations.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Extreme risk protection orders (ERPOs), often called 'red flag laws', allow law enforcement to temporarily remove firearms from individuals deemed to pose a danger to themselves or others, with due process protections. Research shows such measures can help prevent suicides and mass shootings without broadly infringing on Americans' Second Amendment rights. The provisions of HB2377 provide necessary safeguards for public safety while respecting legal rights, serving the best interest of the American people.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill would exclude transgender girls and women from participating in sports consistent with their gender identity, which raises concerns about discrimination and civil rights. Title IX was designed to prevent sex-based discrimination, and this amendment would undermine its inclusive intent. The available research and leading medical organizations generally support inclusive policies. Upholding equality and protecting all students from discrimination best serves the public good.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill provides critical support to American citizens who are wrongfully detained abroad by postponing tax deadlines and correcting financial penalties incurred during their captivity. Additionally, revoking the tax-exempt status of organizations that support terrorism helps prevent misuse of the U.S. tax code and strengthens national security. These measures prioritize both individual Americans' welfare and the public interest in combating terrorism.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While regulatory clarity is important for the mining sector, providing additional 'security of tenure' for ancillary activities could weaken environmental safeguards and impede oversight of mining operations on public lands. This change may prioritize industry interests over those of local communities and environmental protection. Without clear provisions to ensure public input, sustainable land use, and robust environmental review, I cannot support the bill in its current form.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Existing federal and state laws already provide protections for infants born alive, requiring healthcare providers to offer appropriate care. This bill is redundant and could have unintended consequences for doctors and families facing rare, complex, and often heartbreaking situations at the end of a wanted pregnancy. Medical decisions should be guided by clinicians and families, not further criminalized by unnecessary federal legislation.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill requires executive agencies to study and report on the impacts of telework and remote work, as well as develop plans for future use. Such analysis promotes transparency, informed policymaking, and can help identify telework's benefits and challenges for both governmental efficiency and workforce wellbeing. It does not restrict telework directly, but calls for evidence-based evaluation, which is in the public interest.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020 introduces vital reforms that enhance law enforcement accountability, transparency, and public trust. Its provisions—including independent oversight, restrictions on qualified immunity, and the creation of a misconduct registry—aim to address systemic racial bias and reduce incidents of excessive force. These measures are necessary for protecting civil rights and restoring faith in policing, while still supporting public safety. Passing this bill serves the broader interest of justice and equal protection under the law.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill protects the First Amendment rights of Americans by preventing federal employees from using government power to suppress or advocate for the censorship of lawful viewpoints. It strikes a necessary balance between ensuring a free marketplace of ideas and maintaining government neutrality in matters of speech. Safeguarding against government overreach in regulating speech is fundamentally in the public interest.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Unemployment fraud results in the loss of substantial taxpayer dollars and undermines the integrity of public assistance programs. Providing incentives for states to recover these fraudulently paid funds ensures that resources are directed to those truly in need. This bill promotes accountability, deters fraud, and helps restore public trust in government programs.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Passing HB6 would provide a path to legal status for Dreamers and certain long-term U.S. residents, many of whom contribute significantly to our economy, communities, and military. This bill is grounded in humanitarian principles and bipartisan public support, and allows individuals who have built their lives here to remain and participate fully in American society. It balances compassion with security and strengthens America's values as a nation of immigrants.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Requiring public disclosure of goods and materials sourced from Xinjiang promotes transparency around potential forced labor abuses, a matter of significant human rights concern. This bill empowers investors and consumers to make informed decisions while pressuring companies to avoid complicity in human rights violations, thus serving both ethical and strategic interests of the United States.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While addressing criminal behavior by non-citizens is important for public safety, this bill would mandate federal detention for anyone charged with theft, not just those convicted, raising serious due process and constitutional concerns. It risks unjustly detaining individuals who have not yet been proven guilty in a court of law, potentially overwhelming immigration detention facilities and diverting law enforcement resources away from more serious threats. The broad scope of the bill may lead to unintended consequences and does not provide adequate protections for civil liberties.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While preventing Social Security fraud is essential, this bill singles out non-citizens for additional punishment beyond existing criminal penalties, which raises concerns about due process and proportionality. The law already has mechanisms to prosecute and penalize Social Security fraud regardless of immigration status. Creating separate grounds for deportation based on conviction or mere commission (even without conviction) undermines fairness and could lead to unjust outcomes. Anti-fraud measures should be strong but applied equally to all, not used to target a specific group for harsher consequences.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While protecting women from violence is an urgent priority, existing law already provides grounds for inadmissibility and deportation of noncitizens convicted of serious crimes, including sex offenses and domestic violence. The bill's language around 'who have committed' offenses could raise concerns about due process and risk punishing individuals without criminal convictions. Policies must balance public safety with constitutional safeguards and equal treatment under the law.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While expanding LNG exports could offer economic benefits, repealing all restrictions without strong consideration for environmental impacts and national energy security poses significant risks. Unfettered exports may drive up domestic energy costs and hamper efforts to address climate change. A more balanced approach that factors in environmental safeguards and energy affordability is necessary for the public good.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill strengthens national security and supply chain resilience by ensuring that federal clean vehicle tax credits do not subsidize electric vehicles with batteries containing materials sourced from countries deemed national security risks, such as China. Promoting domestic and allied sourcing of critical minerals protects American jobs, fosters innovation, and upholds ethical supply standards, while reducing overreliance on adversarial nations for strategic technologies.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill takes comprehensive steps to protect public health, particularly among youth, by restricting flavored tobacco products, tightening regulations on electronic nicotine delivery systems, and funding prevention and cessation programs. The overwhelming scientific evidence demonstrates that flavored and novel tobacco products are fueling a new wave of nicotine addiction among adolescents. Ensuring stronger FDA oversight and supporting medically underserved communities are vital measures for reducing tobacco use and its health consequences nationwide.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Providing a legal pathway to permanent status for individuals who came to the U.S. as minors (many of whom know no other home) is humane, economically beneficial, and strengthens communities. The bill includes safeguards, such as requirements for education, service, and background checks, ensuring applicants meet positive standards. Protecting those with DACA, TPS, or DED prevents family separation and allows contributing members of society to live and work openly, which is in the public interest.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
As of January 2023, COVID-19 remains a public health concern, including the emergence of new variants. Proof of vaccination for foreign travelers is an effective, science-based measure to mitigate the risk of introducing new cases and variants into the United States. Removing this requirement prematurely could jeopardize public health and hinder efforts to control the pandemic. Decisions regarding public health protocols should be guided by experts at the CDC, not by legislative override.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Ensuring humane treatment and adequate standards for individuals in CBP custody aligns with American values and international human rights obligations. This bill establishes clear requirements for health screenings, access to basic necessities, independent oversight, and accountability, all of which help prevent neglect and abuse. It also enhances transparency and helps maintain public trust in law enforcement agencies. Protecting vulnerable populations at the border can be achieved without compromising national security.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While protecting election integrity is important, requiring additional proof of citizenship to register to vote risks disenfranchising eligible voters, particularly naturalized citizens and certain underserved populations who may face challenges obtaining documentation. Existing laws already require people to be citizens to vote in federal elections, and there is scant evidence that noncitizen voting is a widespread problem. The bill could create unnecessary barriers to voting, undermining access to the ballot without providing significant improvements to election security.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Supporting Ukraine in the face of Russia's invasion is vital for upholding international law, protecting democracy, and deterring further aggression that could destabilize Europe and threaten U.S. security interests. Supplemental appropriations will provide urgently needed military, humanitarian, and economic assistance to Ukraine, helping mitigate human suffering and promoting global stability. This action is strongly aligned with both American values and strategic interests.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While addressing the fentanyl crisis is a public health priority, permanently placing fentanyl-related substances into Schedule I may lead to overly broad criminalization, hinder legitimate research, and disproportionately impact marginalized communities without addressing root causes like addiction and insufficient treatment options. A comprehensive public health approach, not just criminal penalties, is needed to effectively combat the opioid epidemic and protect the American people.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Extending the statute of limitations for investigating and prosecuting fraud related to pandemic unemployment programs helps ensure accountability and protects taxpayer funds. It allows law enforcement sufficient time to address complex fraud cases that may otherwise go unpunished. This promotes fairness and discourages future abuse of emergency relief funds, serving the broader public interest.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While strong border security is important, HB2 contains provisions that significantly limit asylum access and humanitarian protections in ways that may violate American values and international obligations. The bill also does not address needed reforms for legal immigration or provide adequate solutions for DREAMers. Effective border management should be balanced with due process and humanitarian commitments.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill protects the constitutional right to travel between states and access reproductive health services, including abortion. It prevents states from enacting laws that would restrict or penalize individuals or providers involved in interstate abortion care, thereby safeguarding both personal liberty and equal treatment under the law. Upholding these fundamental rights is in the best interest of Americans’ health, privacy, and freedom.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Protecting the right to access abortion services is critical for ensuring the bodily autonomy and health of women and all people who can become pregnant. Restricting abortion disproportionately harms vulnerable populations and can lead to unsafe procedures. Passing this bill upholds essential reproductive rights, aligns with established medical consensus, and supports the ethical principle of individual freedom in personal medical decisions.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Admitting Washington, D.C. as a state ensures its residents are granted full representation in Congress and equal rights under the law, addressing a long-standing democratic deficit affecting over 700,000 Americans. The bill preserves an independent federal district to serve as the national capital, maintaining federal functions without disruption. Statehood for D.C. aligns with fundamental democratic principles and promotes equal participation in our representative system.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The Protecting the Right to Organize (PRO) Act strengthens worker rights by making it easier to form and join unions, which research shows raises wages, improves working conditions, and reduces economic inequality. It also addresses loopholes that have weakened union power and workers’ protections over time. Supporting worker empowerment is integral to ensuring a fair labor market and a stronger middle class.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill empowers the Federal Trade Commission to investigate and penalize instances of price gouging by fuel companies, especially during emergencies. With American households burdened by erratic and inflated fuel prices, this legislative action provides necessary oversight, helps deter exploitative business practices, and seeks to protect consumers from unfair costs. It promotes price transparency and accountability without imposing unnecessary restrictions on legitimate market operations.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill would significantly limit the power of district courts to grant injunctive relief, undermining their ability to check unconstitutional or unlawful actions by the government. Injunctive relief is a crucial tool for protecting individual rights and preventing harm while legal questions are resolved. Restricting this authority could allow violations of rights to persist unchecked. For these reasons, I vote No.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
It is in the public interest to conduct a thorough, independent, and bipartisan investigation into the attack on the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. Establishing a commission ensures transparency, accountability, and the opportunity to gather facts to prevent similar events in the future. This will help restore public trust in democratic institutions and reinforce the rule of law.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This comprehensive bill strengthens American democracy by expanding voter access, improving election security, increasing transparency in political spending, and establishing stronger ethics rules for public officials. Verified evidence demonstrates that such reforms help protect the integrity of elections, reduce disenfranchisement, and restore public trust in government. The bill's provisions represent widely supported, evidence-based best practices in democratic governance.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Forced arbitration in cases of sexual assault and sexual harassment often denies survivors access to the courts and can shield repeat offenders and institutions from accountability. Ending forced arbitration for these cases promotes transparency, ensures victims can seek justice, and acts as a deterrent to future misconduct. This bill protects fundamental rights and is in the best interest of the American people.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The Assault Weapons Ban of 2022 aims to reduce gun violence by limiting the availability of military-style weapons often used in mass shootings. Evidence from the previous federal assault weapons ban (1994–2004) showed a decline in mass shooting fatalities during its implementation. While respecting Second Amendment rights for lawful gun ownership, this bill prioritizes public safety and responds to widespread public support for common-sense gun regulation.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The For the People Act of 2019 strengthens American democracy by expanding voting access, enhancing election security, increasing transparency in campaign finance, and improving ethics standards across all branches of the federal government. These reforms promote fairer elections, reduce the influence of dark money, help guard against foreign interference, and bolster public confidence in democratic institutions. Passing this bill would be a significant step toward a more accountable and representative government, serving the best interests of the American people.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Strengthening protections for federal whistleblowers is essential to ensure accountability, transparency, and the exposure of misconduct or waste within government. This bill would allow employees to report wrongdoing without fear of retaliation, resulting in better oversight and public trust. Safeguarding whistleblowers ultimately serves the best interests of the American people and democracy.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill protects Florida's coastline and Gulf ecosystems from the risks of offshore oil and gas drilling, securing vital tourism and fishing industries while safeguarding environmental health. The extension of the drilling moratorium aligns with robust public support and advances sensible energy policy. Funding for rigorous inspections and independent oversight bolsters safety and accountability. Passing this bill sends a clear message that coastal protection and responsible resource management are high national priorities.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The facts established by the House investigation indicate that President Trump solicited foreign interference in the 2020 election for personal political gain and then obstructed Congress by refusing to comply with lawful subpoenas. Upholding the rule of law, preserving democratic norms, and maintaining constitutional checks and balances necessitate accountability for such actions. Impeachment is a constitutional remedy in defense of American democracy.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Climate change poses a serious threat to public health, national security, and economic stability. Requiring a plan to meet the U.S. commitments under the Paris Agreement helps ensure that America is a global leader in addressing climate change, while fostering clean energy job growth and protecting future generations. This bill promotes transparency and accountability, and its reporting requirements help inform policymakers and the public.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Passing the Equality Act advances fundamental civil rights by explicitly prohibiting discrimination based on sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation in key areas such as employment, housing, and public accommodations. Ensuring equal protection for all Americans upholds the nation's core values of fairness and justice. Verified evidence shows significant, ongoing discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals, and this legislation addresses those gaps. The bill's enactment would be a meaningful step toward a more inclusive and equitable society.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Energy efficiency standards for consumer appliances, including gas stoves, help lower energy consumption, save consumers money, and reduce harmful emissions. Blocking updated standards would undermine progress toward energy conservation and climate goals without significantly affecting consumer choice. The proposed DOE rule regulates efficiency, not bans stoves. Supporting evidence-based, responsible standards is in the best interest of the American people.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Section 134 of the Clean Air Act—the greenhouse gas reduction fund—supports efforts to reduce emissions, promote clean energy, and create green jobs, all of which are crucial for addressing climate change and protecting public health. Repealing this section would hinder progress on environmental sustainability and harm future generations. The bill does not provide an alternative to address greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, I vote No.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While combating antisemitism is essential, adopting the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) definition for federal enforcement raises significant free speech concerns. The IHRA's definition is broad and has been criticized for potentially conflating legitimate criticism of Israeli government policy with antisemitism, risking unintended suppression of First Amendment-protected speech on college campuses. A more carefully tailored approach would better protect both vulnerable students and constitutional rights.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill would restrict retirement plan fiduciaries from considering environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors when making investment decisions, regardless of whether such factors might materially affect financial performance. Limiting fiduciaries solely to 'pecuniary' factors could prevent them from appropriately managing risk and taking into account issues that impact long-term returns, undermining the interests of American retirees. Preserving flexibility for prudent financial decision-making best serves the public good.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Federal energy standards for appliances like refrigerators ensure long-term cost savings for consumers and reduce energy consumption, benefiting both household budgets and the environment. These standards are only set when they are cost-effective and technologically feasible, as current law already requires. Prohibiting enforcement of such standards could result in increased energy costs and higher carbon emissions, contrary to consumer and environmental interests.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Allowing federal law enforcement officers to purchase their retired service weapons is a practical approach to managing surplus government property and can save taxpayer funds associated with weapon destruction or storage. Proper procedures, including background checks and tracking, mitigate risks and ensure responsible transfers. This measure does not create additional public safety risks, as these individuals are already trained and vetted. Therefore, it is in the public interest to approve this bill.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill would mandate that imported goods produced in the West Bank or Gaza be labeled as such, which could be seen as taking a position on a highly contentious issue in international law and U.S. foreign policy. Such labeling may undermine efforts for a negotiated two-state solution, risk inflaming tensions, and potentially restrict the ability of American consumers to make their own informed choices based on accurate, non-politicized country of origin information. The measure could also be interpreted as targeting certain foreign policy movements and is not in the best interest of maintaining neutrality on complex international disputes.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Designating Ansarallah (the Houthis) as a foreign terrorist organization is justified given their repeated attacks on civilians, international shipping, and U.S. interests. This measure enables targeted sanctions, disrupting their capacity for violence and sending a strong message against terrorism. However, it is important to implement the sanctions carefully to ensure they do not exacerbate the humanitarian crisis in Yemen, and provisions for humanitarian exemptions should be maintained.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill directly addresses the urgent problem of high prescription drug costs by empowering HHS to negotiate prices, penalizes unjustifiable price hikes, caps out-of-pocket expenses for Medicare beneficiaries, and expands critical Medicare benefits to include dental, vision, and hearing coverage. It also invests in NIH, the opioid crisis response, and public health infrastructure. The bill is a comprehensive, evidence-based approach that would make medicines more affordable, improve coverage, and enhance health outcomes for millions of Americans, particularly seniors and low-income individuals.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Protecting the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge from oil and gas development preserves critical habitats, safeguards biodiversity, and respects the interests of indigenous communities. Additionally, the bill ensures that offshore oil and gas operators pay for the cost of inspections, shifting the burden from taxpayers and incentivizing better industry compliance, which benefits public safety and environmental stewardship.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill supports the preservation and management of coastal areas significant to Indian tribes, promoting both cultural heritage and ecological environment. By providing targeted grants for restoration and safety projects, it empowers local communities to protect assets important to their identity and future. The measure represents a responsible use of resources for stewardship and public benefit.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Restricting waiver authorities on sanctions related to Iran's financial sector strengthens efforts to prevent funds from supporting terrorism and destabilizing activities. Maintaining strict sanctions pressures the Iranian government to comply with international norms and curbs illicit financing. While it is important to retain flexibility for diplomatic solutions, these waivers have historically been exploited and undermined congressional intent. Therefore, reinforcing sanctions better protects U.S. national security and global stability.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Providing access to legal counsel for individuals detained at ports of entry or immigration facilities upholds fundamental rights and ensures due process. This bill would promote fairness, reduce the risk of wrongful detentions or rights violations, and increase transparency and accountability in immigration enforcement. Given the complexity of immigration law, access to counsel serves the public interest and the proper administration of justice.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While the safety of law enforcement officers, including retired officers, is important, expanding or loosening concealed carry provisions as proposed by the LEOSA Reform Act could present security and uniformity concerns across states. Entrusting national, cross-jurisdictional concealed carry rights for a broad category of individuals may undermine local and state firearm regulations. Best practice would be to allow states to determine who can carry concealed weapons within their own jurisdictions, maintaining local control for public safety.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Requiring background checks for all firearm sales is a common-sense measure supported by the majority of Americans and is proven to reduce gun violence without infringing on Second Amendment rights. Universal background checks can help keep guns out of the hands of prohibited individuals, such as convicted felons and those with dangerous mental illnesses, while also respecting law-abiding citizens' ability to purchase firearms. This bill closes loopholes in current law regarding private and online sales.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2019 offers legal protections and a path to permanent residency for agricultural workers who are essential to the U.S. food supply, addressing labor shortages in agriculture. The bill also strengthens oversight and modernization of the H-2A program, enhances verification of work eligibility, and invests in improved housing for farmworkers. These measures balance the need for a reliable workforce with security, economic stability, and humanitarian considerations, serving both the agricultural sector and the broader public interest.
Vote LLM
Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
I support this bill because it ensures that federal regulations on dishwashers are both cost-effective and technologically feasible, protecting consumers from increased appliance costs or diminished performance due to overly stringent standards. By requiring practicality and affordability in energy regulations, we can promote both energy efficiency and consumer choice, balancing environmental goals with the needs of American households.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The SHIELD Act addresses critical vulnerabilities in our electoral system, ensuring greater transparency, accountability, and protection against foreign interference. These measures, including required reporting of foreign contacts and improved oversight of digital political ads, are necessary to safeguard democracy and reinforce public trust in elections. The bill's provisions are narrowly tailored to address genuine threats without infringing on civil liberties.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Mandating the examination and disclosure of Presidential tax returns increases government transparency and public trust. It allows citizens to assess potential conflicts of interest or improper financial influence in the highest office. Such accountability is vital for the health of our democracy and aligns with contemporary expectations for ethical conduct by government officials.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While reforms to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) are necessary to protect Americans' privacy and civil liberties, HB7888 does not provide sufficient oversight or meaningful limitations on warrantless surveillance. The bill fails to close key loopholes that could allow future abuses of Americans' communications without proper judicial authorization. Effective reform must prioritize both national security and the constitutional rights of the American people.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill will promote fairness in lending by requiring the collection of data on small business loans to LGBTQ-owned businesses. Such data is important to identify and address potential disparities or discrimination in access to credit. Improved transparency supports a more inclusive economy without imposing any direct restrictions on lenders. Passing this bill serves the public good by promoting equal opportunity for all entrepreneurs.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Restoring the FCC's open internet order protects net neutrality, ensuring that internet service providers cannot block, throttle, or prioritize content unfairly. This safeguards consumer choice, promotes competition, and upholds innovation for businesses and startups. These benefits directly serve the public interest and maintain a fair, open internet for all Americans.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill increases transparency and accountability among public companies by requiring disclosures on diversity, ESG factors, climate risks, tax practices, and workforce investment. Enhanced disclosure helps investors make informed decisions, promotes sustainable business practices, and can drive positive social and economic outcomes. The new requirements strike a balance between stakeholder interests and do not impose excessive regulatory burdens on businesses. Overall, these reforms are in the best interest of the American public and markets.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Adjusting premerger filing fees ensures that larger mergers, which have a greater potential to harm competition, bear a proportional cost, while smaller transactions face less burden. The bill also channels additional resources to antitrust enforcement, helping to protect consumers and small businesses from anti-competitive practices. This supports a fairer and more competitive marketplace, which is in the best interest of the American people.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While the objective of providing clarity in clean water permitting is important, codifying certain nationwide permit provisions could weaken federal oversight, potentially leading to increased discharge of dredged or fill material in sensitive water bodies. This risks undermining protections for wetlands and water quality that are vital for public health, biodiversity, and resilience against flooding. Any amendment to the Clean Water Act should maintain rigorous standards and oversight for the nation's waterways.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Lead ammunition and fishing tackle pose well-documented hazards to wildlife, ecosystems, and potentially to human health due to lead contamination in water and animals. Preventing federal agencies from regulating or phasing out lead on public lands would undermine conservation efforts and public health protections. Alternative, non-toxic options exist and should be encouraged to sustain both hunting and angling traditions while minimizing environmental harm.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While raising the debt ceiling is necessary to avoid severe economic disruption, this bill includes sweeping changes to environmental review processes and other unrelated policy riders that undermine standards for clean air and water, as well as regulatory oversight. These provisions threaten long-term public health and environmental protections that benefit all Americans. A clean debt ceiling increase should be passed without provisions that risk public welfare in exchange for fiscal stability.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The Presidential Election Reform Act provides necessary updates and clarifications to the process for counting electoral votes, strengthening democratic institutions and reducing the risk of political interference or ambiguity. By reaffirming the limited and ceremonial role of Congress in vote counting and tightening the threshold for objections, the bill helps protect the integrity of presidential elections and upholds the will of the people. These reforms are crucial for maintaining public trust in our electoral system.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
HB3684, commonly known as the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, would provide significant funding for improving transportation infrastructure, including highways, transit, rail, water quality, and safety initiatives, which are critical for economic growth, job creation, and public safety. The bill also makes substantial investments in modernization and climate resilience, which are needed to address longstanding infrastructure deficits and environmental challenges. Its broad benefits to all Americans outweigh concerns about its cost, making it a responsible and forward-looking investment.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While it is important to protect U.S. nationals from politically motivated prosecutions, imposing blanket sanctions on the International Criminal Court undermines international justice and cooperation on human rights and war crimes. The ICC serves as a crucial forum for accountability when domestic remedies are unavailable, and retaliatory measures set a dangerous precedent. Upholding the rule of law and American values requires supporting, not sanctioning, international justice institutions.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill strengthens the federal government's ability to monitor and respond to the growing threat of domestic terrorism, ensuring resources and coordination across key agencies. Enhanced transparency and accountability mechanisms are included to prevent abuse. Recent events have highlighted the urgent need to address domestic extremism to safeguard public safety and democratic institutions. The bill respects civil liberties while protecting the nation from credible threats.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill addresses persistent gender-based wage discrimination by strengthening legal protections and ensuring fair pay practices. Research shows that the gender pay gap persists across industries, negatively affecting millions of American families. Providing more effective remedies supports equal opportunity and economic security without imposing undue burden on employers operating in good faith. Passing the Paycheck Fairness Act is a necessary step toward closing the pay gap and ensuring justice in the workplace.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill promotes the health, safety, and economic security of pregnant workers by ensuring they receive reasonable workplace accommodations. It helps prevent discrimination, supports women's participation in the workforce, and contributes to healthier pregnancy outcomes. These protections benefit families and society at large with minimal burden to employers.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While energy security is important, tying increases in oil and gas production on federal lands to Strategic Petroleum Reserve drawdowns risks prioritizing fossil fuel expansion over a balanced, long-term energy strategy. This could undermine efforts to address climate change and delay the necessary transition to cleaner energy sources. Decisions about public land use and oil production should be made on their own merits, not as a mandated response to reserve releases.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is a critical national security asset intended to protect Americans from emergency supply disruptions. Prohibiting sales to China, a strategic competitor, helps ensure that U.S. energy resources are used to support domestic needs and allies, not potentially strengthening adversarial powers. This bill appropriately safeguards American interests and energy security.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The Corporate Transparency Act of 2019 significantly improves the ability to combat money laundering, terrorist financing, and illicit financial activities by requiring the disclosure of beneficial ownership information for corporations and LLCs. This measure addresses long-standing gaps that allow shell companies to hide criminal proceeds, while also balancing privacy with sensible regulations and oversight. It will make the financial system more transparent and secure for the American people.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Protecting and strengthening the right to vote is fundamental to American democracy. The John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act restores and updates important protections against discriminatory voting practices, ensuring equal access to the ballot box for all eligible citizens. This bill is supported by substantial evidence of ongoing efforts to restrict voting rights and is necessary to uphold the integrity and inclusiveness of our elections.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill protects the merit-based federal civil service system by limiting the ability to reclassify civil service jobs into political appointments. This safeguard helps prevent political patronage and ensures that federal positions are filled based on qualifications rather than political loyalty, strengthening the integrity and effectiveness of federal agencies for all Americans.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Eliminating the COVID-19 vaccine mandate for health care providers could put vulnerable patients at greater risk, especially those with underlying health conditions or weakened immune systems. Vaccinations are a proven method to reduce transmission and severe illness, and mandates for health care workers help ensure patient safety in medical settings. Therefore, maintaining these safeguards better serves the public health interest.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The Equal Representation Act would alter the longstanding constitutional principle of apportioning congressional representation based on all persons, not just citizens. Excluding non-citizens from the census count risks underrepresenting communities where lawful residents, children, and others contribute to society but are not citizens. This change could undermine fair representation and runs counter to the spirit of equal representation enshrined in the Constitution. Furthermore, introducing a citizenship question has the potential to suppress census participation, leading to less accurate population data and weakening the democratic process.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Raising the minimum wage has the potential to lift millions of low-income Americans out of poverty, reduce wage inequality, and stimulate consumer demand by increasing workers' purchasing power. The bill includes a gradual phase-in period, allowing businesses time to adjust, and extends wage protections to tipped workers and those with disabilities, promoting fairness and inclusivity. Studies show modest minimum wage increases have limited negative impact on employment while greatly benefiting low-wage workers. Supporting this bill aligns with the interests of working families and a fairer economy.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill addresses the urgent need for expanding and improving access to mental health services for students, a critical issue exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and rising youth mental health concerns. Investing in school-based behavioral health professionals and trauma-informed practices will help students succeed academically and emotionally, while also reducing stigma around seeking help. Ensuring parity in mental and substance use disorder benefits is fundamental to fair and equitable healthcare. The overall approach strengthens support systems for youth and families, which benefits public health and long-term community well-being.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill addresses the urgent crisis facing multiemployer pension plans, protecting the retirement security of over a million American workers and retirees who risk losing their hard-earned benefits. By providing loans and necessary funding through the Pension Rehabilitation Administration, the bill offers a responsible, repayable path to solvency, while also increasing accountability through higher penalties for non-compliance. This targeted intervention is essential to prevent widespread economic harm and poverty among seniors, and it preserves trust in the pension system.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill aims to limit judicial deference to federal agencies' interpretations of statutes and regulations, restoring a more balanced separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. By requiring courts to independently interpret the law, it enhances accountability and ensures that agencies cannot unilaterally expand their statutory authority, which ultimately protects democratic processes and prevents regulatory overreach. This serves the public interest by promoting transparent governance and adherence to constitutional principles.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While the intent to combat fentanyl trafficking and protect public health is critical, the HALT Fentanyl Act's broad and permanent classification of all fentanyl-related substances as Schedule I raises concerns. This approach risks deterring legitimate medical research and could exacerbate racial and social disparities through the expansion of mandatory minimum sentencing. More targeted efforts focused on trafficking, paired with provisions for research and harm reduction, would better serve the American people.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill strengthens civil rights protections by allowing private legal action against disparate impact discrimination in federally funded programs, making it easier to address systemic inequities. It also improves accountability and compliance through mandatory coordinators and oversight within the Department of Education. These measures help ensure equal opportunity and fair treatment for all, including protection against anti-Semitism, which serves the best interests of the American people.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The Heroes Act provides critical economic relief and public health support to Americans during the unprecedented COVID-19 crisis. Its provisions for direct payments, expanded unemployment benefits, aid for state and local governments, and funding for testing and healthcare are vital to protecting public health and stabilizing the economy. While the bill is broad and contains some provisions not directly tied to pandemic relief, its benefits significantly outweigh its drawbacks in this emergency. Passing this bill serves the immediate needs of millions of Americans.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While supporting Israel's security is an important element of U.S. foreign policy, rapidly expediting defense aid without sufficient debate, oversight, and accountability risks enabling actions that may escalate conflict and harm civilians. U.S. assistance should be carefully calibrated to promote peace, uphold humanitarian standards, and reflect popular sentiment. This bill lacks necessary safeguards and oversight to ensure our aid is used responsibly and in accordance with American values and international law.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Rescinding funds from the IRS would likely weaken its ability to enforce tax laws, modernize its systems, and provide customer service, potentially increasing the tax gap and favoring tax evasion, especially among wealthy individuals and corporations. Effective tax administration is essential for funding public services fairly and efficiently, and underfunding the IRS could undermine these goals to the detriment of most Americans.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While the bill's stated goal is to protect constitutional rights and prevent political litmus tests in higher education accreditation, its vague and sweeping language risks inhibiting accrediting agencies from effectively upholding important standards, such as efforts to foster diversity, equity, and inclusion. Existing constitutional protections already safeguard against compelled speech, while this bill could unintentionally chill legitimate academic and community standards. The American people benefit from accreditation practices that encourage robust, inclusive academic environments and uphold civil rights.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The Build Back Better Act contains significant investments in child care, early education, health care, and support for working families, which will contribute to long-term economic growth and help reduce inequality. The Act is paid for with targeted tax reforms focused on corporations and high-income earners, making it fiscally responsible. These provisions align with the best interests of the American people by expanding opportunities and improving the quality of life for millions of families.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While protecting federal officers is essential, imposing additional criminal and immigration penalties for fleeing may disproportionately affect immigrant communities and raise concerns about due process and equity in enforcement. Existing laws already cover fleeing law enforcement, and enhancements should be carefully considered to avoid unnecessary criminalization and potential civil rights issues.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill addresses the persistent problem of racial and socioeconomic segregation in public education, which research consistently links to disparities in academic achievement and long-term outcomes for disadvantaged students. By funding evidence-based, locally-driven plans to improve diversity and support all learners, the bill promotes equal opportunity and strengthens social cohesion. The focus on accountability, best practices, and targeting resources where most needed serves the public good and helps ensure taxpayer funds are wisely used.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Expanding and modernizing the National Apprenticeship system will help more Americans access high-quality job training, especially youth and those underrepresented in the workforce. Registered apprenticeships are proven pathways to good jobs, providing participants with real skills and wages while supporting the economic needs of employers. This bill strengthens labor standards and expands earning opportunities, promoting workforce development and economic mobility.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While confronting human rights abuses and malign activities by foreign governments is essential, automatically imposing sanctions on all members of China's Communist Party Congress risks undermining diplomatic engagement, escalating tensions, and inadvertently punishing individuals with no direct involvement in wrongdoing. Effective foreign policy should target specific actors responsible for abuses while preserving channels for dialogue and avoiding broad measures that may harm global stability and American interests.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
Amending the Clean Air Act to prevent the elimination of internal combustion engine sales would limit states' and the federal government's ability to advance environmental goals and combat climate change. The transition to zero-emission vehicles is necessary to improve air quality and public health, and technological advancements are making alternative vehicles more accessible. Preserving local and national regulatory flexibility better serves the country's long-term interests.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
The Protecting Your Credit Score Act of 2020 enhances transparency and accuracy in credit reporting, directly addressing common issues that negatively impact Americans' financial wellbeing. It provides free and easy access for consumers to their credit information and greater protections against errors, while empowering oversight agencies to ensure data security and privacy. These reforms promote fairness, consumer empowerment, and accountability in a system that deeply affects critical life opportunities for millions of Americans.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While the intent to protect individuals from sex offenses and domestic violence is laudable, this bill targets a subset based on immigration status rather than focusing on holding all perpetrators equally accountable under the law. Existing laws already provide grounds for removal of non-citizens convicted of such crimes. Singling out individuals based on immigration status may perpetuate stigma and does not address the root causes of these crimes, nor improve overall safety for all women.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While concerns about mortgage fee structures are valid, this bill would reverse recent FHFA changes designed to make homeownership more accessible and affordable for qualified borrowers with moderate credit scores and lower down payments, often including first-time and middle-class homebuyers. Evidence suggests the changes do not penalize those with better credit, but slightly reduce relative advantages. Preserving these fee adjustments helps promote equitable access to housing and supports the broader public good.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
California's ability to set stricter vehicle emissions standards has historically driven innovation and reduced pollution nationwide, benefiting public health and the environment. Disapproving the EPA's waiver would undermine state authority, limit progress on reducing harmful emissions like NOx, and set back efforts to combat climate change. The American people benefit from cleaner air and improved public health outcomes enabled by robust state-led initiatives.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
While hydraulic fracturing has contributed significantly to U.S. energy production and economic growth, a permanent prohibition on moratoriums undermines the government's ability to respond to emerging scientific evidence and environmental or health risks. Flexibility is necessary to adapt regulations to mitigate adverse impacts on water resources, public health, and climate. Preserving regulatory tools best serves the long-term interests of the American people.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill allows Byrne grant funds to be used for public safety report systems, which can improve law enforcement agencies' ability to track, share, and analyze information on violent offenders. Enhancing these systems can help keep communities safer, reduce repeat offenses, and ensure accountability. The targeted use of existing federal funds increases public safety without requiring new expenditures, making it a prudent and effective measure.
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Vote AOC (D)
Vote Mike Johnson (R)
LLM Justification
This bill provides targeted support to small police departments, which often face resource constraints but are essential to public safety, especially in rural and underserved communities. By directing federal grants to these departments, the bill can help improve training, recruitment, and accountability, ultimately fostering safer and more effective policing. The inclusion of federal oversight promotes the responsible use of funds and aligns with the public interest.